thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give; to offer; to lift up; to hold up; to raise
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
siblings; brothers and sisters
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cooperation; collaboration
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to speak; to tell; to talk
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
even; even if; even though; because of; on the grounds that
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
than; from; out of; except; but; more
achievement; feat; meritorious deed; distinguished service
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
appropriate; adequate; suitable; fitting; worthy
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to attempt; to test; to try out
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to harm; to cause harm to
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
a little bit; a little while
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)