indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan); sappanwood dye (red in colour); layered colour (light brown on the front, dark red beneath)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
other self; alter ego; part of oneself (in someone or something else); incarnations of Buddha
gale; strong wind; swift wind; fresh breeze (Beaufort scale)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise