indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan); sappanwood dye (red in colour); layered colour (light brown on the front, dark red beneath)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
effect; effectiveness; efficacy; effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
core; core; hardcore; all-out
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
myself; yourself; I; me; you
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
purple; violet; Lithospermum erythrorhizon (species of gromwell); type of soy sauce
charge (electrical); recharging; charge (fee); topping up (a contactless smart card); recharging; refuelling; charge
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
level; standard; level (plane); floor; spirit level; (surveyor's) level
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh