indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to apply for; to make an application; to propose (marriage); to offer (mediation); to make an overture (of peace); to challenge
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
splendid; magnificent; gorgeous
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
transport; transportation
institution; establishment; facility; home (for elderly, orphans, etc.)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
adds force or indicates command
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
there; over there; genitals; private parts; that far; that much