indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
from afar; over a great distance; all the way
trouble (I have put you through); (your) hard work; thank you for your hard work; I appreciate your efforts
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to go to; to proceed to; to leave for
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
to collect; to assemble; to gather
secret information; intelligence
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
duty; function; office; mission; task
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to ask; to enquire; to inquire; to search; to look for; to look into
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do