indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
boo! (sound used to scare someone); ugh (dissatisfaction, aggravation); ulp (consternation)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
to come true (of a wish, prayer, etc.); to be realized; to suit (e.g. a purpose); to meet (wishes, ideals, etc.); to match (implies competition); to rival
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
equality (esp. of status); equal footing; equal terms