indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. excluding the Sun); planet (usu. excluding Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); asterisk; star (actor, player, etc.); dot; spot
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to build up (a reputation, position, fortune, etc.); to establish (a relationship, household, tradition, etc.); to lay (a foundation)
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
to apply for; to make an application; to propose (marriage); to offer (mediation); to make an overture (of peace); to challenge
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
spirit; soul; drive; vigor; vigour
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
look!; see!; here!; there!; hey!
abdomen; belly; womb; one's mind; one's real intentions; courage; nerve
almost completely empty; virtually empty
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to betray; to turn traitor (to); to double-cross; to disappoint; to let down