indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. excluding the Sun); planet (usu. excluding Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); asterisk; star (actor, player, etc.); dot; spot
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to build up (a reputation, position, fortune, etc.); to establish (a relationship, household, tradition, etc.); to lay (a foundation)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
cool; calm; composed; all right; fine; OK
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
completion; perfection; accomplishment
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
one (more) effort; one (more) push; a try; a go
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
large; big; older; senior; final; ultimate
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
group; body; party; company; troupe; gang
captain; commander; commanding officer; leader
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what?!; what did you say?!; why?; what for?; anyone; anything