indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
drumming (noise); beating; rapidly; quickly; continuously; one after the other
to carry out (of somewhere); to transport; to take out
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
lots of; a ton of; a mountain of; piles of; heaps of; so many
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
order; command; decree; (software) instruction; statement
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
speaker; narrator; speaker (of a language)
to employ; to hire; to charter
body; oneself; one's place; one's position; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
reserve; constraint; declining; refraining; forethought; foresight