indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
character (esp. kanji); letter; handwriting; penmanship; the ... word (e.g. "the L word" = "love")
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
adds force or indicates command
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
(one's) older brother; young man; sonny; lad
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial