indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
strength; power; proficiency; ability
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to fall (e.g. blossoms, leaves); to scatter; to be dispersed; to disappear; to dissolve; to spread
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
shot (in films); shot (of alcohol); hitting a ball (e.g. in tennis); shoot (in basketball)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
clear; precise; definite; distinct
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
urgency; exigency; emergency
(your) business; (your) concern; (customer's) order; official business (of the government, Imperial Court, etc.); arrest; capture
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
don't you think?; indicates question
until now; so far; up to the present
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
advance warning; previous notice; announcement; herald; harbinger; forerunner
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to feel; to sense; to experience
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?