indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
orchid; Netherlands; Holland
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
princess; daughter of a nobleman
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
how; in what way; how about
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
to release; to let go; to free; to add (pieces of eggplant, potato, etc.) to water, broth, etc.
two reams (of paper); 1000 sheets (of paper); stanza; verse; tribe (in taxonomy); forecast (bet); bet which predicts the top 2 finishers (i.e. quinella or perfecta bet)