indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
home town; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come into being; to be born
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
looking; viewing; (please) try (to)
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to wake up (someone; by calling out); to awaken; to bring back (e.g. memories); to evoke; to recall
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
to call; to summon; to send for; to call together
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
defeat; loss; reverse; setback
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!