indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
family; members of a family
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
hot (thing); passionate (feelings, etc.); ardent; hot (e.g. temper); zealous; enthusiastic; intense
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
story; tale; talk; discussion
to let fly; to make fly; to skip over; to leave out; to run fast; to drive fast; to spray
to blow (of the wind); to blow (one's breath); to breathe out; to play (a wind instrument); to blow (a whistle, trumpet, etc.); to emit (smoke, fire, etc.); to spout
indicates two contrasting actions; (arch.) indicates possessive (often found in place names and compound words)
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
the end; closing; being done for; that's it; that's enough; that's all
phew; whew; huff; whoo; wohoo
counter for small animals; counter for rolls of cloth (two han in size); (arch.) counter for horses; roll of cloth
with a whiff; with a puff; suddenly; abruptly; without warning
pig (Sus scrofa domesticus); pork; fatso; fatty
indicates position in a sequence; divisions of a kabuki performance
number one; first; best; most; game; round