indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
while; during; while; although; all; both
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
(some) more; even more; longer; further
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to gratefully accept
alone; by oneself; on one's own
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
drumming (noise); beating; rapidly; quickly; continuously; one after the other
to pull out; to draw out; to omit; to leave out; to do to the end; to carry through; to let out (e.g. air from a tyre)
story; tale; talk; discussion
to grow up; to become an adult; to become big; to grow in size
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
two persons; two people; pair; couple
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship