indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
child; boy; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
shoe; shoes; boots; footwear; footgear
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
now; the present time; just now; another; more
by myself; in person; by oneself
to put on (lower-body clothing, e.g. pants, skirt, footwear); to wear; to affix (a sword to one's hip); (arch.) to affix (a bowstring to a bow)
pink; erotic (usually used in relation to the sex industry); blue; pornographic
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
for example; for instance; e.g.
obsession; fixation; complaining; criticizing; speciality (e.g. of restaurants)
leather boots; rubber boots; wellingtons; wellies; long boots; high boots
terrible twos (developmental stage in toddlers)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity