indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
to bloom; to flower; to blossom; to open
April; fourth month in the lunar calendar
March; third month of the lunar calendar
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
now; the present time; just now; another; more
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
hot; warm; passionate; impassioned; on everybody's mind; on the radar
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
entry to school or university; matriculation; enrolment (in university, etc.) (enrollment)
Kyūshū (southernmost of the four main islands of Japan)
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
nursery school; day nursery; preschool
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
speaking of ...; when it comes to ...; as for ...; if one were to say ...
primary school; elementary school; grade school
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
Hokkaido (island, prefectural-level administrative unit)
last third of a month; 21st to the last day of a month
northward; facing the north; nobleman's true wife
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)