indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
when it becomes; when it comes to
number one; first; best; most; game; round
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support