indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
please (give me); please (do for me)
all; entire; whole; altogether
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
difference; distinction; discrepancy; mistake; error
to compare; to make a comparison; to compete; to vie
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
to close (e.g. book, eyes, meeting, etc.); to shut
blue; azure; green; pale; gray; unripe
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
the end; closing; being done for; that's it; that's enough; that's all
to be shut; to close; to be locked; to tighten; to be tightened; to become sober
three; three years of age