indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
Japan's best; number one in Japan
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
river; stream; River; the ... river
Mount Fuji; Mt. Fuji; Fujiyama; Fuji-san
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
number one; first; best; most; game; round
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
double; twice (as much); times (as much); -fold; 1-nth; 1 to n
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
Shiga prefecture (Kinki area)
square kilometer; square kilometre
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
to have a talk; to tell a story
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
metre; meter; meter; gauge
the end; closing; being done for; that's it; that's enough; that's all
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill