indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
strait with a roaring tidal ebb and flow; whirlpool; kamaboko with a spiral whirlpool-like pattern; cooking technique where ingredients are cut in a spiral pattern; Naruto (city in Tokushima); Naruto Strait; Naruto wakame
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
ninja; person trained in ninjutsu and employed for covert purposes in feudal Japan
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
fox (esp. the red fox, Vulpes vulpes); fox (i.e. a sly person); soba or udon topped with deep-fried tofu; light brown; golden brown
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
dolphin (or other small toothed whales, such as porpoises, belugas, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
firelight; shadows or forms moving in firelight
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
village; hamlet; countryside; country; home (of one's parents, etc.); hometown
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
father; dad; husband; you; he
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
story; tale; talk; discussion
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
tail (animal); tail end; tip
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to