indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to get tired; to tire; to become worn out (of a well-used object); (arch.) to starve
rest; break; recess; intermission
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
father; dad; husband; you; he
mountain climbing; mountaineering
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
knee; lap; knee and thigh (while sitting)
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely