indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
while; during; while; although; all; both
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly