indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole