indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
corona; coronavirus; COVID-19
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
number one; first; best; most; game; round
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
(hospital) nurse; registered nurse; RN
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
honorific/polite/humble prefix
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
to also be (implies that as well as the earlier stated this is also the case); to be ... or something