indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
fishing; angling; change (for a purchase); clickbaiting; trolling; writing deliberately inflammatory posts online
to bark; to howl; to howl (e.g. of the wind); to roar; to yell; to cry
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
I see; that's right; indeed
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
breathing; respiration; knack; trick; harmony; balance
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial