indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
wildcat (European wildcat, Iriomote cat, Tsushima cat, etc.); wild cat; stray cat
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to burn; to roast; to broil; to heat; to heat up; to make (charcoal, pottery, bricks, etc.); to bake
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
older brother; elder brother; young man; buddy; fella
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
name; given name; first name
earpick; ear cleaning (with an earpick)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
futures; credit (buying); stretching; total (preceding counter, unit, etc.); aggregate
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
phew; whew; huff; whoo; wohoo
sniff; sniff-sniff (esp. an animal); whining; whimpering
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in that way; thus; so; so?