indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
dictionary; lexicon; (arch.) letter of resignation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
business; trade; operations; sales
logs in bark; rough wood; unseasoned timber; new lumber
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last