indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
suffix for familiar person
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
river; stream; River; the ... river
promptly; immediately; quickly; indifferently
to dig; to excavate; to delve into; to dig up (e.g. vegetables); (for two men) to have anal sex
plate; dish; serving; helping; kanji radical 108 (at the bottom)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
New Year (esp. first three days); first month of the year; January
major cleanup; spring cleaning
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
osechi; food eaten during the New Year's Holidays
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?