mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
term; period; time frame; time limit; deadline; cutoff (date)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
subject; theme; homework; assignment; task; challenge
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
adds force or indicates command
two persons; two people; pair; couple
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
heh-heh; hee-hee; ha ha; (arch.) female genitals; (arch.) vagina; (arch.) vulva
date (with someone); (social) outing (for two); date night; date (day)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
suffix for familiar person
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible